Kako su drevni Egipćani prikazivali svoje neprijatelje
Kroz svoje postojanje, dugo skoro tri milenijuma, dinastički Egipat je prošao kroz brojne krize i uspone. Na putu razvoja jedne od najstarijih civilizacija stajale su brojne prepreke. Jednu od najvećih prepreka razvoju države činili su unutrašnji i spoljašnji neprijatelji.
Egipatska ideologija je potencirala na oštrim razlikama između Egipta i spoljašnjeg sveta, između stanovnika Egipta i stanovnika potencijalno opasnih zemalja koji su živeli iza granica države. Na ikonografskim prikazima (Staro carstvo) se mogu uočiti četiri različite etničke grupe: Egipćani, Nubijci, Libijci i Azijati. Postojala je razlika u prikazivanju tih etničkih grupa i pojedinaca koji su smatrani strancima. Pojedinci su često prikazivani humanistički kao vredni ljudi, dok su ostale etničke grupe uvek prikazivane kao neprijatelji Egipta. Neprijatelj je u egipatskoj umetnosti prikazivan kao rehit ptica. Ova ptica je predstavljala zarobljene neprijatelje ili pokorene narode, verovatno zbog toga sto je svojim krilima savijenim iza leđa podsećala na hijeroglif zavezanog zarobljenika. Još jedan način za predstavljanje neprijatelja jesu devet lukova, ova dekoracija je nalazila svoje mesto na kraljevskim papučama, podijumima, stepeništima tako da je kralj mogao simbolično da gazi po svojim neprijateljima.
Vizuelni prikaz trijumfa vladara nad svojim neprijateljima postoji u egipatskoj umetnosti još iz predinastičkog perioda. Ovu ideju ponižavanja neprijatelja možemo da pratimo na monumentalnim umetničkim kompozicijama kroz čitav dinastički period. Faraon se prikazuje kao centralna figura znatno većih dimenzija od dimenzija ostalih učesnika predstave. Njegova snaga poistovećuje se sa snagom lava ili bika, a kasnije sa sfingom. On je nemilosrdan. On udara, ubija i gazi po svojim neprijateljima. U milosti je bogova i svoje darove prinosi u vidu ratnog plena i zarobljenika. Umetničke predstave ovakvog tipa prikazane su u pet grupa:
Na predstavama koje prikazuju vladara koji ubija neprijatelja jasno se mogu uočiti pravila po kojima su predstave rađene. Obično, vladar desnom rukom zamahuje sekirom, dok levom rukom drži kosu neprijatelja. Ruke poraženog su svezane, a proporcije su takve da se jasno ističe veličina pobednika. Jedna takva najstarija scena potiče sa Narmerove palete koja govori o trijumfu faraona i njegovim ratnim osvajanjima (sl.1).
Predstave vladara u obliku sfinge koji trijumfuje nad neprijateljem prikazuju vladara pobednika kao lava ili bika. Na Narmerovoj paleti u donjem delu palete, kralj je predstavljen kao bik koji rogovima napada neprijateljsku tvrđavu, a sam neprijatelj kleči pred njegovim nogama (sl. 2). Ova vrsta predstavljanja u kasnijim periodima nestaje, dok se predstavljanje kralja kao lava razvija. Kralj kao lav je forma iz koje će se razviti motiv kraljevske sfinge.
Najstariji prikaz scene kada kralj prebrojava mrtve i zarobljene neprijatelje nalazi se na poleđini Narmerove palete (sl. 3). Na ovim prikazima vladar sa svojom pratnjom obilazi bojno polje gde obezglavljeni neprijatelji leže, a glave su im stavljene između nogu.
Ovaj motiv doživljava diskontinuitet u predstavljanju, i pojaviće se tek u Novom carstvu. Tokom vladavine XX dinastije pojavljuju se scene na kojima je prikazano prebrojavanje odsečenih ruku i falusa (penisa), kao i prebrojavanje zarobljenih neprijatelja, dok faraon nadgleda ovo prebrojavanje.
Prikazi predstava zarobljavanja neprijatelja pojavljuju se na dva načina:
- Glavnokomandujući sprovodi zarobljenike u prisustvu vladara. Kod ovih predstava su prikazi u kojima vladar posmatra dovođenje zarobljenih neprijatelja ili ratni plen.
- Vladar sprovodi zarobljenike pred bogove. Ova grupa predstava je analogna sa predhodnom, sa tom razlikom da se počast daje bogovima, najčešće Amonu i Montuu, tako što im faraon predaje zarobljenike.
Vladar u ratu na bojnim kolima su scene u kojima faraon uzima direktno učešće u borbi na svojim bojnim kolima, gađajući iz luka i strele ili koristeći neko drugo oružje, dok prelazi preko gomile neprijatelja. Na jednoj takvoj sceni prikazan je Ramzes II kako cilja iz luka (sl. 4), dok žuri u kočijama koje vuku konji u galopu preko Nubijaca koji beže u haosu. Na zidovima Ramazeuma su prikazi rata sa Hetitima, dok egipatska vojska napada tvrđavu. Vladar u svojim natprirodnim proporcijama u kolima galopira preko neprijatelja čije su formacije razbijene.
Ove grupe predstavljanja faraona nastale su u različitim istorijskim epohama pod uticajem različitih faktora, ali njihov zajednički cilj je bio da proslave vladara, da pokažu njegove nadljudske moći i božanski karakter kraljevskog autoriteta. Kao i da se vernim podanicima vladara ukaže ko su njegovi neprijatelji i kako treba sa njima postupati, ali i da podrži faraonovu osvajačku politiku. Na ikonografskim prikazima susedi su oličavali neprijatelje Egipta.
Egipatska umetnost u nekim svojim crtama nije bila nimalo ljupka i miroljubiva. Teško je zamisliti umetnika u današnjem smislu te reči koji u umetničkom zanosu slika faraona kako u obliku bika ubija svoje neprijatelje i zatim im seče glave i faluse. Međutim, isti ti neprijatelji i susedi su neretko prikazivani i kao vrlo vredni ljudi, a mogli su napredovati do najviših državnih pozicija. Nije sve tako sivo…
Maja Miljevic
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